Variable-speed gearing for driving propellers



P 1951 I F. J. JOHNSON 2,547,161

VARIABLE-SPEED GEARING FOR DRIVING PROPELLERS Filed July 4, 1945 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 April 3, 1951 Filed July 4, 1945 F. J. JOHNSON VARIABLE-SPEED GEARING FOR DRIVING PROPELLERS 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 April 3, 1951 F. J. JOHNSON 2,547,161

VARIABLE-SPEED GEARING FOR DRIVING PROPELLERS Filed July 4, 1945 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 a INVENTOR. [r66] M17072 7250/1 Ap 3, 1951 F. J. JOHNSON I 2,547,161

VARIABLE-SPEED GEARING FOR DRIVING PROPELLERS Filed July 4, 1945 w 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Patented Apr. 3, 1951 OFFICE VARIABLE SPEED GEARENG :FG R DRIVING PROPELLERS Fred J. Johnson, FerndaIe Mich assignor to Avco Manufacturing Corporation, a corporation of Delaware Applicaticnliily 4, 1945, SerialNo; 693,151.

Claims. I The-invention relates One object of theinve'ntionis to provide reducing gearing of this type inwhich planetary vgearing-i isoscd and in which amu-ltipl-icity of I gear-teetlri: transmit torque from I a single input sh'ait to the output shaft..

Another object of theinvention is to provide improvedaspeed reducing gearingof this type in whichtthe-geari-ng. is radially symmetrical about the axis of:the input and the output shafts, for driving? aircraft propellers.

Another object-ref the invention isto. provide planetary speed reducing gearing which includes a. substantially stationarysunegear for." operating a torqiue meter so that the. parts of the: torque meter can be mounted on the housing with limitedcrotation -onl-yfor therroperation of. the torque meterz.

Another object: of. the invention is: to provide speed-reducing gearing of this. type. which! is light and: compact in construction:

Other objects of theinvention will appear from the detailedidescription;

The invention:consists in. the several features hereinafter set fQrthLand more particularly defined'by claims at theconclusion hereof;.

In: the: drawings:

Fig.1 1 is a longitudinal. section of the twospeed. reductionge'aring embodying the: preferred formzof the: invention and a portion of the gearin'g. driven :by the clutch ioncontra-rotationally driving a pairof co-axial propellers.

' Eig. 2 is a detail of the spline-connection between-sections of. the. gear-wheel which: is driven by the crank-shaftofthe engine;

- Elana-is: sag-longitudinal section of av modified form of thertwo-speed reduction gearing and the gearing for driving a pair of contra-rotatin propellers.

Elsi/ills a, section on alargenscaleiof aportion of the; two-speed:- reduction. gearing shown in Fig.1;

Fig, 5: isa section-takemonline. 5-5 of Fig. 1.

Fig, 6 isralongitudinal section of the torque:- meteig; taken on. line. 61-65 of Fig. 1.

Fig? is.-a sectionwtakenon line '!'-i of Fig. 5.

Thednvention is: exemplified in drivin mechanism which; comprises: generally: two-speed planetary reduction" gearing. which is: driven. by powerfrom the crank shaft a of an internal combiustion engineeiclutch mechanism which is driven by the: tWOr'SIlBfid. reduction gearing, and. gearinggdriven-a the: clutch: mechanism for driving theashaft-lr' oione propeller and: the hollow shaft to reduction gearing for driving aircraft propellers.

2. or sleeve 0. of a contrarrotatingpropeller. This driving mechanism is enclosed in a gear-case which usually comprises a rear-section M which may besecured tothe front of the engine-casing, afront-section. I 5,. and. intermediate sections it and. L1. The propeller shaft b is journalled in an anti-frictionibearing. d which .is supported in thegear-case section. [6 and in bushingse confinedv in. a socket in the front of the crankshaft a. The hollow shaft or sleeve 0 for drivin arc-axial-second propelleris journalled in an anti-friction bearing 1" mounted. in the front gear-case section l5, and also on shaft 17, by bushings. f'., The front end of craft-shaft a is journalled in. an anti friction bearing h which is usually mounted in the front end of the engine:-

' casing- (not shown).

The invention in Fig .1 is exemplified intwospeed reduction earing for driving the propellershafts b andc fromthe crank-shaft a of an internal combustion engine. This two-speed gearing comprises: awheel, generally designated, 29 which: isprovided with a hub is on the front end of crankshaft a, and. secured to rotate with. said shaftby'splines 2l'; ja'col'lar 2'2 and a. nut 23' for securing wheel 29 against axial movementon the front end of-crank-shafta; an internally toothed gear 25' on wheel 2-0; an internally toothed gear 26 onwheel. 2e and of thesame pitch diameter as gear 25; an annular series of planetary pinions meshing with gear 26; a sun-gear 28 meshing with planetary pinions 2'! and which, has its-r0.- tation limited by a torquet-meter,. as hereinafter described; an annular series of planetary pinions as: meshing; with gear 25; a; low-speed carrier 30 which isprovided with integral studs-3i on which I planetary pinions Zlare journalled for rotation on their own axesg'a sun-gear 3.2 of the same pitch-diameter as the sun-gear 28, on a. ring 30 which is bolted-to carrier 30,. and meshing. with the: planetary pinions 29.; a high-speed carrier 33 provided with forwardly projecting integral studsfi lon which planetary pinions 29 are journalled for rotation on their own. axes and which includes a body-section 3E? and a hub tlwhich is journalled and axially confined on the forwardly extending hub I 9 of wheel 20 for rotation of carrier 33 relatively: to Wheel 20; ahub 38 on carrier which isjournalled on the hub 39 of carrier 33-for relative rotation. of carrier 3B;

In the preferred form of two-speed. reductionigearing shown in- Fig. 1; the drive-wheel 26 comprises a body 28 which isintegrally formed withthe hub; i9 an'dithe' internal-gears 25 andv 28 are: integrallyformed onat. separately formed drum 2t The drum 20* may also have the teeth of gear 25 formed as elongations oi the teeth of gear 25. The body 253 and member or drum 25 are secured to rotate together by splines 20 which are interlocked against axial movement by spring-rings 25 In this form or" the invention, gears 25 and 26 have the same pitch diameter, pinions 2! and 29 have the same pitch diameter, and sun-gears 28 and 32 have the same pitch diameter.

In this two-speed reductiongearing, the high and low speed carriers and the rotatable sungear are co-axial; the internal gears 25 and 26 on drive-wheel 20 rotate co-axially with the carriers and the planetary movement of the pinions is around the axis of the internal gears and the carriers. The high-speed carrier 33 is journalled on drive-wheeel 20 and the low-speed carrier 30 is journalled on the high-speed carrier 33. This arrangement provides a compact construction which is an advantageous mechanism for driving propellers.

, A rotatable and axially slida-ble clutch-sleeve 48 is engageable with the carrier 30 for driving the propellers at the low-speed ratio and with carrier 33 for driving them at the high-speed ratio. An internal peripheral portion of the hub 38 of carrier 30 is provided with an integral annular series of clutch-teeth 40 which are engageable with mating clutch-teeth 4'? on sleeve 46 for drivingthe sleeve and propellers at the low-speed ratio. An internal peripheral portion of the hub 39 of carrier 33 is provided with an annular series of clutch-teeth 4i which are' engageable by a mating series of clutch-teeth 48 on clutch-sleeve 46 for driving said sleeve and the propellers at the high-speed ratio. The inner end of clutch-sleeve 46 is slidably supported and journalled for relative rotation, as at 46 on the hub 37 of section 36 of carrier 33. clutch-teeth 47 on sleeve 45 are engaged by axial sliding movement of the sleeve with clutch-teeth 40 on carrier 30, said sleeve will be driven by the two-speed reduction gearing at the low-speed ratio. When sleeve 45 is shifted axially to engage its clutch-teeth 48 with clutch-teeth M on carrier 33, said sleeve will be driven by the two-speed reduction gearing at the high-speed ratio. When the clutch-sleeve 46 is axially positioned with its teeth 4? and 43 between the clutch-teeth 40 and M, said sleeve will be in its neutral position'and uncoupled from the twospeed reduction gearing.

The sun-gear 28 is held against rotation relatively to the internally toothed gear 28 on drivewheel 20, inco-action with gear 25, for imparting planetary movement to pinions 21 and driving the high-speed carrier '33 and the low-speed carrier'tfi by a torque meter which is used to operate an indicator (not shown) for torque being delivered by the engine to the two-speed reduction gearing. This torque meter includes a cylinder I05; a ring-piston 45 on the rim of which the teeth of sun-gear 28 are formed; and an annular casing for the cylinder I55 which comprises a section I06 which is fixedly secured by bolts I01 to a cross-wall H in casing-section IT and an annular head I08 which is angular in cross-section and extends through section I and is fixedly secured thereto by a nut I05. Piston-rings IIO form a seal between head I08 and an internal peripheral portion of piston 45 and a piston-ring III forms a seal between said piston and casing-section I06. Oil is delivered to the cylinder I of the torque meter from a When constant displacement torque meter oil pump which is supplied with oil from the main engine lubricatin system. The torque meter oil system is connected through the gear-casing in any suitable manner to a duct H2 in wall I? which is communicatively connected by a duct H3 in the casing-section I06 to deliver oil under pressure into the cylinder I05. The pressure of the oil in the torque meter oil system is responsive to the torque produced by the engine. Duct H2 is connected to a torque indicator (not shown) of the type Which is responsive to variations in the pressure of the oil in said system. Piston is provided with a port H0 which by-passes oil from cylinder I05 into the gear-case. The irmer face of casing-section 505 and the confronting face of piston 45 are provided with recesses iI'i having co-acting inclined cam-ends H3 which engage opposite sides of balls II9 so that the torque applied to sun-gear 23 and piston 45 will cause the inclined or cam-surfaces H8 and balls IIS to shift the piston 45 in cylinder I55. As the torque applied to sun'gear 2B increases, the co-acting inclined surfaces MS of recesses Ill will cause the piston 45 to move rearwardly against the pressure of oil in cylinder I 05, decrease the oil discharged through port I I5 and increase the pressure of oil in cylinder I and duct I I2. As the torqueof the sungear 28 and piston 45 decreases, the pressure of oil in cylinder I515 will force piston 45 to increase the by-pass of oil through port I55 and reduce the pressure of oil in duct H2, which is communicatively connected to the torque indicator. In this manner, the indicator will be responsive to the torque exerted on the sungear 23.

In this torque-meter the ring-piston 45 is nonrotatable with the two-speed gearing, except for the slight rotation in controlling the outlet duct or port H5 responsively to variations in torque. The torque is applied through sun-gear 28 through which both the high and low speed carriers are driven. Headsection I08 holds the hub 38 of carrier 30 against longitudinal or axial movement on hub 39 of carrier 33. When the propellers are being driven at the 'low-speed ratio through planetary pinions 2?, carrier 30 and clutch-sleeve 55, the torque-meter will be responsive to the torque and the driving load for low-speed driving, and will also be responsive to the load and the engine torque when the clutchsleeve 43 is being driven at the high-speed ratio from the low-speed carrier 30 through planetary pinions 27, sun-gear 32, planetary pinions 29, and high-speed carrier 33.

Mechanisms for axially shifting the clutch- Sleeve 45 for controlling the speed ratio at which the propeller shaft b is driven, is exemplified by a non-rotatable shifter-collar which is provided with an inwardly extending flange 9| which is confined between an annular shoulder 92 and a collar 93 on, and for slidably shifting sleeve 45 while the latter is rotating; diametrically opposite pivot-studs 54 on collar 95;. arms 95 having theirdistal ends pivotally connected to studs 54; a tubular shaft 58 journalied in brackets 57 which are fixed to a cross-wall I'I in gear-case section I! and to which arms Q5 are splined, as at 98; and 'a torque-rod 55 extending through tubular shaft 96 and splined thereto at I130. The torque-rod 99 may be connected in any suitable manner for remote control, usually by a hydraulic piston and cylinder which is adapted to provide torque for rocking arms 95 which planetary pinions 21' are jo'urnalled for rotation on their own axes; a sun-gear 32 of lesser pitch diameter than the sun-gear 28, integrally formed with carrier 36 and meshing with planetar pinions 22; a high-speed carrier 33 provided with forwardly projecting integral studs on which planetary pinions 29' are ,journalled for rotation on their axes and which includes a body-section 3G and a hub 31' which is journalled and axially confined on the for- ;wardly extending hub IS of wheel 25 for rotation of carrier 3!! which is journalled on the hub 3? or carrier 33 for relative rotation of carrier 36'. Clutch-teeth lie on carrier 36' and clutch-teeth l! on carrier 33' and clutch-sleeve 46 are of the same construction hereinbefore described. The operation of this modification form of the invention is similar to the operation of the construction illustrated in Fig. 1, except that the ratio of speed reduction is varied.

The invention exemplifies two-speed planetary gearing for driving a clutch from the crank-shaft of an engine which is adapted for great propellershaft torques: in which there is a low degree of re-action of the transmitted loads on the gearcase; in which the gearing is symmetrical on the axis of the crank-shaft and propeller shaft; in which a single sun-gear, which is responsive to torque for driving at high and low speeds, is limited against rotation by a torque-meter which comprises axially slid-able elements which do not require rotation with the gearing. The invention also exemplifies planetary two-speed gearing which comprises a clutch through which coaxial propellers are contran'otationally driven.

The invention is not to be understood as limited to the details described, since these may be modified within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Having thus described the invention. what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. Driving mechanism for a propeller, comprising: a driving-wheel driven by an engineshaft; an internal gear on said driving-wheel; a substantiall non-rotating sun-gear; planetary .pinions between and meshing with said internal carrier; a second internal gear on the driving wheel; a high-speed carrie co-axiallyrotatable with the low-speed carrier; planetary pinions journalled on the high-speed carrier and meshing with the second internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear on the low-speed carrier; clutch-teeth on the low-speed and high-speed carriers; a clutch-sleeve co-axial with the carriers and pro- 'vided with teeth selectively engageable with the clutch-teeth on the carriers; and means for driving a propeller-shaft from the clutch-sleeve.

2. Driving mechanism for a propeller, comprising: a driving-wheel driven by an engineshaft; an internal gear on said driving-wheel; a substantially non-rotating sun-gear; planetary pinions between and meshing with said internal gear and the non-rotating sun-gear; a lowspeed carrier on which said planetary pinions are journalled and rotatable by their planetary movement; a sun gear rotatable with the lowspeed carrier; a second internal gear on the driving-wheel; a high-speed carrier co-axially rotatable with the low-speed carrier; planetary pinions journalled on the high-speed carrier and meshing with the second internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear on the low-speed carrier; clutch-teeth on the low-speed and highspeed carriers; a clutch-sleeve coaxial with the carriers and provided with teeth longitudinally between and selectively and slidably engageable with the clutch-teeth on the carriers; and means for driving a propeller-shaft from the clutch-sleeve.

3. Driving mechanismior a propeller, comprising: a driving-wheel driven by an engineshaft and provided with a hub; an internal gear on said driving-wheel; a substantially non-rotating sun-gear; planetary pinions between and meshing with said internal gear and the nonrotating sun-gear; a low-speed carrier on which said planetary pinions are journalled and rotatable by their planetary movement; a sun-gear rotatable with the low-speed carrier; a second internal gear on the driving-wheel; a high-speed carrier co-axially rotatable with the low-speed carrier and journaled on the hub of the drivingwheel; planetary pinions journaled on the highspeed carrier and meshing with the second internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear on the low-speed carrier; clutch-teeth on the low-speed and high-speed carriers; a clutch-sleeve selectively engageable with the clutch-teeth on the carriers; and means for driving a propeller-shaft from the clutch-sleeve.

4. Driving mechanism for a propeller, comprising: a. driving wheel co-axial with and driven by an engine-shaft and provided with a hub; an internal gear on said driving wheel; a substantially non-rotating sun-gear co-axial with the driving wheel; a low speed carrier; planetary pinions meshing with said internal gear and the non-rotating sun-gear and journalled on and for rotating the low speed carrier; sun-gear co-axial with and rotatable with the low-speed carrier; a second internal gear on the driving wheel; a high-speed carrier journalled on the hub of the driving wheel and provided with a hub on which the low-speed carrier is journalled; panetary pinions journalled on and for rotating the high-speed carrier and meshing with said second internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear; co-axial internal clutch-teeth on the high and low-speed carriers; a clutch-sleeve selectively 'slidable provided with external clutch-teeth for engaging the clutch-teeth on the carriers, respectively; and means for driving a propellershait from the clutch-sleeve.

5. Driving mechanism for a propeller, comprising: a driving wheel co-axial with and driven by an engine-shaft and provided with a hub; an internal gear on said driving wheel; a substantially non-rotating sun-gear co-axial with the driving wheel; a low-speed carrier; planetary pinions meshing with said internal gear and the non-rotating sungear and journalled on and for rotating the low-speed carrier; a sun-gear co-axial with and rotatable with the low-speed carrier; 2. second internal gear on the driving wheel; a high-speed carrier journalled on the hub-got the driving wheel and provided with ,a h-ub on which the low-speed carrier is journalled'; panetary pinions journalled on and for rotating --the.h-igh-speed carrier :and meshing with said second internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear;

,co-axiai internal clutch-teeth on the high-and low speed carriers; a clutch-sleeve selectively isl-idable and provided with external clutch-teeth ymovable axially between and for engaging the clutch-teeth on the carriers, respectively; and

-means for driving a propeller-shaft from the clutch-sleeve.

6.. Driving mechanism for a propeller, comprising: a driving wheel co-axial with and driven by an engine-shaft and provided with a hub; an internal gear on said driving wheel; a substantially non-rotating sun-gear 'co-axial with the driving wheel; a low-speed carrier; planetary the driving wheel and provided with a hub on which the low-speed carrier is journalled; planetary pinions journalled on and for rotating the high-speed carrier and meshing with said .sec-

and internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear;

co-axi-al internal clutch-teeth on the high and low speed carriers; a clutch-sleeve selectively slidable and provided with external clutch-teeth movable axially between-and extending around the hub on the low-speed carrier; and means for driving a propell r-shaft from the clutch-sleeve.

7. Driving mechanism for a propeller, comprising: a driving wheel driven by an engineshaft; an internal gear on said driving wheel; a substantially non-rotating sun-gear; planetary pinions between and meshing with said. internal gear and the non-rotating sun-gear; a low-speed carrier on which said planetary pinions are journalled and rotatable by their planetary movement; a sun-gear rotatable with the lowspeed carrier; a second internal gear on the driving wheel; a high-speed carrier co-axially rotatable with the low-speed carrier; planetary pinions journalled on the high-speed carrier and meshing with the second internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear on the low-speed carrier, said internal gears having the same pitch diameters; clutch-teeth on the low and high speed carriers; a clutch-sleeve coaxial with the carriers and pro-- vided with teeth selectively engageable with the clutch-teeth on the carriers; and means for driving a propeller-shaft from the clutch-sleeve.

8. Driving mechanismior a propeller, comprising: a driving wheel driven by an engineshaft; an internal gear on said driving wheel; a

substantially non-rotatable sun-gear; planetary carrier; a second internal gear on the driving pinions between and meshing with said internal teeth on the low and high speed carriers; a

clutch-sleeve coaxial with the carriers and providedtwith teeth selectively engageable with the clutch-teeth onthe carriers; and means for driving apropeller-shaft from the clutch-sleeve.

5-)w Driving mechanism for a propeller, comprising: .a driving wheel co-axial with and driven by an engine-shaft and provided with a hub; an

internal gear on said driving wheel; a substantially non-rotating sun-gear co-axial with the driving wheel; a low-speed carrier co-axial with said driving wheel; planetary pinions meshing with said internal-gear and the non-rotating sun- .gear, iournalled on and for rotating the low-speed =carrier; a sun-gear attached to the low-speed carrier; ,a second internal gear ,on the driving wheel; a high-speed carrier, planetary pinions jo-urnalled on andfor rotating the high-speed carrier and meshing with said second internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear; co-axial clutchteeth on the high and low-speed carriers; .a crutch-sleeve selectively and axially slidable provided with clutch-teeth .for engaging the clutchteeth on the carriers, respectively; andmeans for driving-a propeller-shaft .from the clutch-sleeve. 10. Driving mechanism for apropeller, comprising: a driving wheel co-axial with and driven said driving wheel; planetary pinions meshing with said internal gear and the non-rotating sungearjournalled on and .for rotatingthe low-speed carrier; a sun-gear attached to the low-speed wheel; a high-speed carrier, planetary pinions iournalled on and for rotating the high-speed carrier and meshing with said second internal gear and the rotatable sun-gear; co-axial clutchteeth on the high and low speed carriers; a clutchsleeve selectively and axially slidable provided with clutch-teeth for engaging the clutch-teeth on'the carriers, respectively; and means for driving a propeller-shaft from thefclutch-sleeve, including a gear wheel provided with a hub on V which the clutch sleeve is slidable.

ii. In a two-speed transmission, a planetary gear system comprising a stationary sun gear, a driving member having geared portions, and planetary gears in mesh with said sun gear and said driving member; a carrier rotatably supporting said planetary gears; a second sun gear secured for conjoint rotation With said carrier, a second set of planetary gears in meshed engagement with said second sun gear and said driving member; a second carrier for rotatably supporting said second named planetary gears; a driven member; and means for alternately engaging each of said carriers with said driven member.

; l2, A'two-speed transmission comprising a planetary gear system including a fixed and a movable geared member between which are disposed planetary gears; means for driving said movable member; a rotary carrier for rotatably supporting said planetary gears; a gear secured to said carrier for conjoint rotation therewith; a second set of planetary gears in meshed engagement with said carrier-attached gear and with said movable member of the planetary system; a second carrier for rotatably supporting said second named planetary gears; .a driven member; and means for alternately engaging each of said carriers with said driven member.

13. A two-speed transmission for driving con- 11 tra-rotating concentric shafts at reduced speed, comprising a driving shaft, a sleeve, means associated with said driving shaft for selectively producing rotation of said sleeve at predetermined speed ratios, a sun gear in engagement with said sleeve, a stationary ring gear concentrically disposedabout said sun gear, planetary gears disposed between and in mesh with said ring gear and said sun gear, a planetary carrier secured to one of the driven shafts for rotatahly supporting said planetary gears, a gear concentrically secured to the second contra-rotating driven shaft, a gear secured to said carrier for conjoint rotation therewith, and idler gears for reversing and transferring motion from said carrier gear to said gear on the contra-rotating driven shaft.

14. Mechanism for driving contra-rotating shafts comprising a driving member, a planetary gear train including a fixed gear and a rotary gear, said rotary gear being engaged with said driving member, planetary gears engaged with said fixed and rotary gears, a rotary carrier rotatably supporting said planetary gears, said carrier being engaged with one of the shafts to be driven, a gear concentrically disposed on said carrier for conjoint rotation therewith, a gear secured to the contra-rotating shaft and a plurality of idler gears between said carrier gear and said gear on said contra-rotating shaft whereby the shafts are driven simultaneously in opposite directions.

15. A two-speed contra-rotational transmission comprising a diving shaft, a driving member having geared portions secured to said shaft for conjoint rotation, a pair of planetary gear trains in meshed engagement with said driving member,

a set of clutch teeth associated with each of said planetary gear trains, a clutch mechanism including a shiftable sleeve for alternate engagement with each set of said clutch teeth, a gear in engagem nt with said clutch sleeve, a stationary ring gear surrounding said gear, planetary gears between said gear and ring gear, a carrier for rotatahly supporting said planetary gears, a driven shaft, said carrier being secured to said driven shaft, a gear secured to said carrier concentrically disposed relative to said driven shaft, a driven sleeve surrounding said driven shaft, a gear on said sleeve, and idler gears in meshed engagement with said second-mentioned gear on said carrier and said third-mentioned gear on said driven sleeve.

FRED J. JOHNSON.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,654,432 Rowledge Dec. 2'7, 1927 2,185,545 Egan Jan. 2, 1940 2,233,498 Taylor Apr. 4, 1941 2,245,815 Peterson June 17, 1941 2,261,104 Birkigt Nov. 4, 1941 2,274,743 Rosslsopf Mar. 3, 1942 2,285,592 Ledwinka June 9, 1942 2,496,460 Guerke Aug. 27, 1946 2,482,460 Browne Sept. 20, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 447,785 Great Britain May 26, 1936 

